In Liam OFlaherty´s The Sniper, all of these are brought to an acute r

In Liam O'FlahertyÂ's The Sniper, these are brought to an intense reality in a solitary war-torn city. Solid cerebral feelings and contradicting methods of reasoning, because of which individuals need to wreck. The Sniper How does the creator delineate the strife and situation in a war-torn city in â€Å"The Sniper†? Outrage, torment, demise and regret all horrendous, however all are confronted and taken care of in each war. In Liam O'Flaherty's The Sniper, these are brought to an intense reality in a solitary war-torn city. Solid cerebral feelings and restricting methods of reasoning, because of which individuals need to annihilate the apparently â€Å"wrong† plague this world and are the primary purpose behind predicament. To help in his production of such passionate struggle, unrest and predicament, the creator has depicted the expert rifleman as a exceptionally disputable character. This story is situated around one character in the Civil War which he ought not be in as he is referenced to be a â€Å"student† in the story. The story whose primary topic is viciousness, endeavors to account the limited ability to focus obsession that rouses youth that prompts disturbance in the primary spot. In this clamorous circumstance nonetheless, obsession is the thing that one may require so as to endure and this is actually what the expert rifleman is confronting. This is demonstrated when the expert sharpshooter is supposed to be the â€Å"student with the essence of an ascetic†. He has one assignment to perform-to execute the officers of the Free States. Be that as it may, the most significant line that grabs the eye of the peruser is â€Å"†¦the eyes of a man who is utilized to taking a gander at death.† This is extremely unexpected as he was before looked at to an understudy who resembles an image for honesty where now he is spoken of as a killer. He is fascinated in satisfying his obligation and is currently a understudy of violence.... ...s’ the life of an officer. The violent sights in the city of Dublin, destroyed and deadened with war and dread is portrayed by individuals seeping in the drains till they kick the bucket and quick gunfire wherever followed by a stunning quietness. Executing is done without hesitating and, after its all said and done, the marksman looks after quiet until he murders his adversary expert sharpshooter on the contrary housetop. This serenity in bloodiness unmistakably legitimizes the disturbance and the situation that the creator appears in this short story. The creator utilizes the course and characters of the story to outline the course of the characters in each scene of brutality all over. The accentuation given to the carnage, the war, the death toll is more than what is given to the emotions, the individuals and the life and in along these lines Liam O’Flaherty has delineated strife and predicament in the war-torn city in this short story named â€Å"The Sniper†.

Is a College Education Necessary to Succeed in Life Essay Example for Free

Is a College Education Necessary to Succeed in Life Essay Instruction is the key that makes the way for all life brings to the table. The advantages of decent instruction, upgraded vision, expanded inspiration, and improved execution is significant to being effective throughout everyday life. Achievement has a place with the individuals who gain decent training. Improved vision Getting decent instruction can assist you with increasing a superior perspective on what you can do. Instruction gives an individual an upgraded feeling of individual control (Schieman and Plickert, 2008). Sound hypothetical and exact research has set up that instructive achievement is the basic initial phase in improving relational abilities, improving relationship aptitudes and improving your life (Schieman and Plickert, 2008). The most significant thing to recollect about instruction is training is the most significant component that can assist you with expanding your own control throughout everyday life. Expanded inspiration Acquiring decent training can likewise assist you with improving your station throughout everyday life. Abraham Maslow accepted that what spurs individuals is an order of requirements starting at the most essential needs of food, haven, and attire and consummation in self completion (Wilson and Madsen, 2008). Maslow accepted people have the capacity through training to turn into anything they desire to become in light of the fact that the individual has a capacity to learn (Wilson and Madsen, 2008). Through utilizing this capacity to learn and obtaining training you can discover achievement and you can discover the ability to transform you. Expanded execution Improving your instruction will improve your opportunity for progress. Getting decent instruction tends to cause you to feel great about yourself. At the point when you start to feel great your life takes on another significance and you can push off the pieces of clothing of a futile life and put on the articles of clothing of an important life (The humanist, 1992). This change is practiced through the restoration you had always wanted. At the point when you begin dreaming again you will start to learn through organized projects of learning, from loved ones, from day by day encounters, and from self reflection (Teare, 1997). Learning will turn into a pleasant activity. At long last, training furnishes you with the basic vocation and fundamental abilities that lead to a fruitful life (Hays, 2008). At the point when you learn through training to tune in, have sympathy, begin thinking about existence, become convincing, gotten mindful of the world in which you live, create prescience or vision, begin seeing the 10,000 foot view, become focused on your development as an individual, become worried about making the best choice, and understand that you are a little piece of a more noteworthy entire (Hays, 2008) at that point you will be well headed to being fruitful throughout everyday life and will have demonstrated that individuals truly need instruction to succeed.

A bear encounter and a wild cow-milking contest

A bear encounter and a wild cow-milking contest Im currently in Missoula, Montana: hometown of ze boyfriend. When I arrived, he suggested that I borrow his sisters mountain bike for the summer. I hopped on the bike with the following points in mind: The last time I owned a bike, I was nine years old, The last time I felt comfortable riding a bike, I was nine years old, and In the past decade I have ridden a bike exactly twice: once on an eighth grade field trip (I lost control of the bike and threw myself off before it fell into a rock pit) and once in Albuquerque the summer after I graduated from high school (I lost control of the bike and slammed head-first into a bush), With a lot of coaxing, I managed to wobble (screeching) down the sidewalk to a gyro cafe and back. Two days later, I managed to transport myself down a riverside bike path.   Apparently my performance was worthy of leveling up, because a few days later I found myself in the passenger seat of Raphaels 88 Mercedes, two mountain bikes mounted on the back. The trail went eight miles up to Franklin Bridge, and the plan was to camp overnight before riding the eight miles back down the next morning. We reached the trail head a little after noon. I swung on my backpack (which had, among other things, our camping stove, fuel, and my sleeping bag) took a moment to think wow, this is actually a little heavy, got on the bike, and roamed around the parking lot for a while. I felt okay, so off we went! The first half hour or so was tough. I kept panicking and stopping, trying to fiddle with changing the gear on the bike. Eventually I had such bad nausea that I had to get off the bike and sit on the ground. My legs hurt, my stomach hurt, I was out of breath, and my butt was NOT happy at bumping over all those rocks. Raphael was very patient, though, and eventually my bad mood passed and my bike balance improved. Not to mention that the scenery was beautiful: At some point, I literally could not continue (my legs were operating so slowly that the bike would just stop and tip over) so we took a break. We sat on the side of the road, and I scanned the meadow across the stream. A large brown mass moved. Hey, it was fuzzy! Kind of like a teddy- OH GOODNESS. Raphael, what is that? Raphael looked, then said lets get back on the bikes. So, we got back on the bikes, and suddenly (like magic!) I had enough energy to keep going for a while. Its amazing what your body is capable of when that flee-from-bear response kicks in. A few minutes later, I was definitively out of steam, so we stopped for a proper break. I had to do that a couple more times before we reached Franklin Bridge, and in the last few minutes I was walking and pulling my bike along, but we made it! In other news, we went to a rodeo in a little town called Hot Springs (population: roughly that of a large MIT dormitory). The event attracted a huge audience, and we had trouble finding seats. When we did, I felt out of place for not wearing a cowboy hat. Events included: bronco-riding, steer-roping, barrel-racing, and ~drumroll~ WILD COW-MILKING. More on that in a moment. First some pictures of the first few events: And heres a tiny little girl participating in the barrel-racing competition (with Grandma helping her out): Im not sure I had ever seen a horse when I was that age. The final event was wild cow-milking. Four teams of volunteers entered the arena. The event was exactly what you are imagining. A wild cow (one per team) was released from a pen, and the teams raced to catch the cow, tackle it to the ground, and milk it. First team to bring a cup of milk to the judge, won. It was terrifying to watch (I kept thinking that someones skull was going to get smashed in by a cow hoof) but two of the teams were successful and nobody (to my total astonishment) was injured. So, that was my first proper rodeo experience. Ive also been able to do some good old-fashioned astronomy! Blue Mountain Observatory is about an hours drive (mostly uphill) from Missoula. When we arrived, there was a beautiful sunset and a gorgeous view of Lolo Peak ( 9000 ft): We had a barbecue and chatted while the sun finished setting. When it was dark, we slewed the telescope with a very old-fashioned remote control (it was SO cool) with glowing red dials. We looked at M3 (a globular cluster), Saturn (we could see its largest moon, Titan!), and the Ring Nebula. Saturn is one of my favorite objects to look at through a telescope: it looks just like a picture. It doesnt look real. When Galileo first saw Saturn, he couldnt get enough resolution to see its rings: it looked like Saturn had two little blobs on either side of its body. So he drew the rings on like ears. Im currently working on collecting summer summaries from a bunch of French House residents, so stay tuned for that.

The Novel Alice s Adventures, Alice Falls Asleep And...

Many have compared life to a journey over the course of which, one experiences dozens of tumultuous changes and transitions. On this journey, the human body continually undergoes a developmental pattern of physical, mental, and social modifications. Even in the realm of literature, fictional characters inevitably follow this fate. In literature the stage, between childhood innocence and adulthood, characters transform in what is referred to as coming of age, otherwise known as adolescence. Because all humans experience this transition, it establishes coming of age as a timeless universal literary theme. Among coming of age novels include Lewis Carroll’s tale about a seven-year-old Victorian girl named Alice. In the novel Alice’s Adventures†¦show more content†¦The hallway contains dozens of doors that are all locked. Alice’s pre-adolescent stage parallels with her position in the hallway. Alice’s position in the hallway represents that she is at a stage stuck between being a child and a young woman. She posses a small golden key to the garden door, the only door that Alice cannot enter due to her size. Thus, her journey and her self-awareness begin when she strives to fit into the garden door. Issues concerning her size, identity, and her social exchanges with both Wonderland and its creatures spur and characterize Alice’s development towards becoming a young woman. In particular, Alice’s fluctuating size and â€Å"opening out like† (Carroll 11) a telescope parallel with a child’s seemingly spontaneous growth spurts, which occur frequently and most noticeably during pre-adolescent and adolescent years. In fact, Alice Liddell, the inspiration for the original tale, was ten when Lewis Carroll (the pen name of Charles Dodgson) first told the tale (Vallone 245). In addition, Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland began as tale about the adventures of seven year-old Alice Liddell (Vallone 245). In reality, most children like Alice Liddell grow, but in Wonderland, Alice changed drastically and symbolically. Physically Alice’s growth correlates in many instances with her behavior. For instance, prior to drinking the mysterious liquid, Alice ponders on the substance’s toxicity, however, she fails to consider possible outcomes while forgetting

Goldberg v. Kelly Supreme Court Case, Arguments, Impact

Goldberg v. Kelly (1970) asked the Supreme Court to determine whether the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment applies to welfare recipients who are about to lose their benefits. The landmark case hinged on whether or not public assistance could be considered â€Å"property† and whether the interests of the state or the individual took precedence. Fast Facts: Goldberg v. Kelly Case Argued: October 13, 1969Decision Issued: March 23, 1970Petitioner: Jack R. Goldberg, Commissioner of Social Services of the City of New YorkRespondent: John Kelly, on behalf of NY residents receiving financial assistanceKey Questions:  Can state and city officials terminate welfare benefits without providing recipients with an evidentiary hearing? Are welfare recipients protected under the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment?Majority: Justices Douglas, Harlan, Brennan, White, MarshallDissenting: Justices Burger, Black, Stewart  Ruling: Procedural due process applies to welfare recipients at risk of losing their benefits. Welfare is a statutory entitlement and can be considered property. State officials must conduct an evidentiary hearing prior to ending someones benefits. Facts of the Case New York State terminated the benefits of New York City residents receiving assistance from the Aid to Families with Dependent Children program and New York States home relief program. John Kelly, who had been stripped of his benefits without notice, acted as the lead plaintiff on behalf of about 20 New York City residents. At the time, there was no procedure in place for notifying welfare recipients in advance that their benefits would be stopped. Shortly after Kelly filed suit, city and state officials adopted policies for notifying an individual about the loss of benefits pre-termination and included a hearing option post-termination. Under the new policies, state and city officials were required to: Give notice seven days before terminating benefits.Notify the residents that they may request a review of the decision within seven days.Task a reviewing official with â€Å"expeditiously† deciding whether or not to suspend or discontinue aid.Prevent aid from being discontinued prior to entering a finding.Explain that a former recipient may prepare a written letter for a higher official to take into consideration while reviewing the decision to terminate benefits.Offer the former-recipient a â€Å"fair hearing† post-termination in which the former recipient may give oral testimony and present evidence before an independent state hearing officer. Kelly and the residents alleged that the policies were not enough to satisfy due process. The United States District Court for the Southern District of New York found in favor of the residents. Cutting off a welfare recipient in desperate need of public assistance without a prior hearing would be unconscionable, the District Court found. The state appealed the decision and the Supreme Court took on the case to settle the dispute. Constitutional Issues The Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment reads, â€Å"nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law. Can public assistance be considered â€Å"property?† Can a state terminate public assistance without an evidentiary hearing?   Arguments The residents focused on the pre-termination procedure, arguing that it violated the due process clause by not allowing them to advocate on their own behalf. Public assistance was more than a privilege and suddenly terminating it, with or without notice, could jeopardize their ability to provide for themselves and their families. Attorneys on behalf of city and state officials argued that providing due process hearings pre-termination would create too great a burden on the state. Stopping benefits was a matter of cutting costs. A hearing could be triggered post-termination, to allow former recipients to advocate for the reinstatement of benefits. Majority Opinion Justice William J. Brennan, Jr. delivered the 5-3 decision. The majority found that public assistance is closer to property than a privilege and therefore covered under the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Justice Brennan, on behalf of the majority, weighed the state interest of cutting costs against the recipient’s interest in receiving a fair hearing. The recipients interest carried more weight, the Court found, because public assistance beneficiaries could undergo significant harm when losing aid. Justice Brennan wrote: â€Å"For qualified recipients, welfare provides the means to obtain essential food, clothing, housing, and medical care. Thus, the crucial factor in this context ... is that termination of aid pending resolution of a controversy over eligibility may deprive an eligible recipient of the very means by which to live while he waits.† Justice Brennan emphasized the importance of providing someone with the â€Å"opportunity to be heard.† The process offered by New York State officials prior to terminating benefits did not offer the recipient the chance to speak to an administrator, cross-examine witnesses, or present evidence on their behalf. These three elements were essential to ensuring due process in pre-termination proceedings, Justice Brennan wrote. Dissenting Opinion Justice Hugo Black dissented. The majority had stretched the Fourteenth Amendment too far in granting procedural due process to welfare recipients pre-termination, he argued. Decisions about state and federal programs like the Aid to Families with Dependent Children program should be left to the legislators. Justice Brennans reasoning was suitable for a report from the House Committee on Education and Labor but woefully insufficient as a legal opinion from the Supreme Court, Justice Black wrote. The Courts findings amounted to a decision about what would be fair and humane procedure for terminating benefits, rather than an exercise in applying the text of the Constitution or past decisions. Impact Goldberg v. Kelly was the start of an era of procedural due process rulings from the Supreme Court. At Justice Brennans retirement, he reflected on Goldberg v. Kelly as the most important ruling of his career. It was the first Supreme Court ruling to broaden the concept of procedural due process and impacted millions of people by revolutionizing the system for terminating public assistance. It also provided the Court with a basis for future opinions weighing government interests against the interests of an individual. Sources Goldberg v. Kelly, 397 U.S. 254 (1970).Greenhouse, Linda. â€Å"New Look at an Obscure Ruling, 20 Years Later.†Ã‚  The New York Times, The New York Times, 11 May 1990, www.nytimes.com/1990/05/11/us/law-new-look-at-an-obscure-ruling-20-years-later.html.

Grapes of Wrath Summary Free Essays

The Grapes Of Wrath Gena Rodriguez Student in Crime Films The Grapes Of Wrath The Grapes Of Wrath was a book that followed the Joad family on their journey from their deserted farm in Oklahoma to the riches of California, as their farms were destroyed in Oklahoma. They took few possessions with them on their journey, however they had eachother. They even picked up others along the way, all in hopes of a vision of getting their lives on track in California. We will write a custom essay sample on Grapes of Wrath Summary or any similar topic only for you Order Now Their journey was not easy as they had trouble with their vehicle, they lost family members and friends to death, and even heard several rumors of a depleted job market. The salesmen and pawnbrokers took full advantage of them as they knew that the families were in no position to deny payments for their goods. The family continued to stay together and remained positive as they looked forward to what was to come. Upon arrival in California, the Joads were met with much hostility. The camps were overcrowded and full of starving migrants, who were often nasty to each other. The locals were fearful and angry at the flood of newcomers, and label the migrants as â€Å"Okies. Work is almost impossible to find or pays such a meager wage that a family’s full day of work cannot buy a decent meal. Farmers resent the droves of Okies from flooding the state, as hungry and impoverished people are a danger. They are viewed as vagrants and thieves. The farmers, police and landowners were in a position of power, and it seems that they only seek to take advantage of those below them. They did not falter even when they were in a position to save a family, they refused to give up their wealth. The farmers used the police to their advantage, as they would have deputies destroy secret gardens, so that the camps people would not have extra food. The police labeled labor organizers as â€Å"red† and had them removed from camps for trying to organize and get decent wages and contracts for workers. Those labeled as â€Å"red† were placed on a blacklist and could not get work. The farmers’ association even tried to organize a riot, which they would pay certain â€Å"Okies† to start trouble, get the organizers put in jail and have the camp shut down. The migrants, got word of this and prevented it. Police seemed to be uncaring, rude, and cold mannered. They were abusive and corrupt. Many of the people in the camps felt they had to pretend to be incoherent and ramble, act â€Å"bull simple†, so that the police viewed them as unthreatening and idiots. Many of the â€Å"Okies† seemed to lack respect for the police due to their degrading treatment. An example would be Ma Joad chasing the police officer with a skillet. The police also acted recklessly such as in the shooting of Floyd Knowles. The police shot at him, but struck another woman in the crowd. Floyd Knowles was being arrested for trying to organize a contract and wages for workers, however the farmer became angry and informed the police. Knowles was later arrested on a bogus charge. The portrayal of police in this book can easily be compared to that of current police portrayals in movies and television shows. The times have changed to where people want to see the bad cop win or more action from police. The book portrays police as almost heartless and insincere, and corrupt. It portrays the police officer not as someone you go to, but someone you stay away from, which is very much in line with current trends in media. There are so many different types of police officers portrayed. Certain fictional dramas have come to show police officers as being corrupt and taking advantage of the power they hold but in my opinion this is not just fictional but rather a reality. This typed is definitely apparent in the book and the show â€Å"Underbelly†. There are some shows which portray police as masculine, overly intelligent, fit, aggressive, action packed, and always willing to shoot at suspects. The reality is that the public want to see these kinds of police officers. All of the excitement and glamour of being a police officer is what everyone wants to watch. A show where police are filling out forms and writing up boring reports just won’t cut it. The glamourized types of officers are portrayed in shows like â€Å"Hawaii 5 0† and â€Å"NYPD†, whereas the more realistic approach to policing is portrayed in shows like â€Å"First 48† and â€Å"cops†. References The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck How to cite Grapes of Wrath Summary, Papers

Intelligence in two psychological journals written by Thorndike and Hagopian

Description of the papers The psychological concept under analysis is intelligence as seen through the operant conditioning lens. In 1898 one of the pioneers of operant conditioning – Edward Thorndike – wrote an article called â€Å"Animal intelligence: an experimental study of the associate processes in animals.†Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Intelligence in two psychological journals written by Thorndike and Hagopian specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the article, the author carried out an experimental analysis of cats. He placed them in enclosures when they were hungry, and added basic escape mechanisms to the boxes. Thorndike (1898) placed food outside the enclosures. Some of the boxes had platforms that the cats could step on when they needed to get out; others had levers that would open when the cats wanted to escape. In other instances, he placed cords that the cats could pull when necessary. He recorded the time it took the cats to leave the enclosures successfully. He took out the cats that failed to open the enclosures but never fed them. He found out that successful cats kept repeating the acts needed to open the enclosures, and they did this in remarkably short timeframes. However, the cats that failed never attempted again. Thorndike came up with the law of cause and effect by affirming that responses (methods of escape used by the cats) that came immediately before satisfactory outcomes (food and less loneliness) became strongly associated to the situation, and were more likely to recur. However, inadequate association with the situation occurred when negative responses followed certain responses; these responses were less likely to occur.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Hagopian et al. (2000) wanted to determine the effects of non contingent reinforceme nt on engagement with stimuli and problem behavior. Their analysis involved four mentally retarded participants who all had problem behaviors. They provided them with positive rewards such as toys and soft music under different conditions and observed them. They found that if they provided the subjects with positive stimuli regardless of participants’ behavior (non contingent reinforcement), the subjects continued to engage with it. They also realized that the stimuli almost reduced problem behavior to zero in these cases. They explained that non contingent reinforcement created reductions of destructive behavior. They also found that reduced response to the readily available stimuli (satiation) was a factor when the subjects had long access times. Extinction – providing no consequence for behavior – did not lead to reductions in problem behavior. Comparison In both analyses, the researchers are trying to understand how one reinforces behavior in intelligent org anisms. It can also be stated that the analyses focus on how learning occurs. They both use experimental analyses to come up with theories that explain these relationships. Furthermore, basic concepts of operant conditioning are the basis of these two researches; they all involve responses or behavior, rewards, and stimuli (something that alters behavior). Both studies also support the law of cause and effect; Thorndike (1898) explains that when a satisfactory effect comes immediately after a cat’s behavior (response), then the response is likely to be repeated.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Intelligence in two psychological journals written by Thorndike and Hagopian specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, when negative outcomes come immediately after certain behaviors, then the responses are less likely to occur. To Thorndike (1898), it is not possible to experience behavior reinforcement when one ch anges environments inconsistently. Similarly, Hagopian et al. (2000) explain that when one provides subjects with stimuli consistently; that is throughout the experiment, then targeted responses are likely to emanate from the study. In their case, they wanted to subvert problem behavior, so that was their targeted response. The subjects needed to form a link between the incentives and the consequences in order to achieve this outcome. Through consistent delivery, the researchers illustrated that there was a law of cause and effect. Continuities and discontinuities These researches are all based on operant conditioning. However, the recent paper is significantly different from the older article because it deals with the concept of non contingent reinforcement. Non contingent reinforcement refers to the provision of stimuli irrespective of a subject’s behavior. Scientists do this in order to show the subject that his or her negative behavior is not necessary in order to achieve a desired outcome. In their research, the subjects’ desired outcome was getting attention. The actions that they used to achieve this were tantrums, biting, kicking and self harm – all cases of problem behavior. The researchers provided toys and music as stimuli. Continually providing these stimuli caused the participants to reduce their undesired behavior.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Thorndike (1898) had not considered a situation where the researcher continuously delivers the positive stimuli without regard to behavior. His experiment was contingent on the subjects’ responses. Therefore, his method was heavily reliant on interruptive removal or provision of stimuli; i.e., rewards and punishments. He did not focus on non interruptive patterns. The studies are quite different from each other because of the methods employed and the analytical techniques. The recent paper relied heavily on theoretical reviews of similar work. The authors quote other scientists’ explanations on extinction and satiation before making their conclusions. However, Thorndike (1898) was the first of his kind, so he did not rely on other authors’ previous work. He needed to justify his choice of methods because they were not common. Hagopian et al. (2000) used accepted methods of scientific research like baseline conditions and investigational conditions. Furthermore, the papers focused on different participants; Thorndike (1898) dealt with animals, so he could not use neurological explanations for his work; subsequent studies on operant conditioning have dwelt on human subjects. Lastly, Hagopian et al. (2000) distinguished between the factors that contributed to the effectiveness of the consequences such as contingency and satiation while Thorndike (1898) did not know about any of these terms. References Hagopian, L., Crockett, J., Van Stone, M., Deleon, I. Bowman, L. (2000). Effects of non contingent reinforcement on problem behavior and stimulus engagement: the role of satiation, extinction and alternative reinforcement. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 33 (4), 433-449 Thorndike, E. (1898). Animal Intelligence: An experimental study of the associate processes in animals. Psychological review monograph supplement, 2(4), 1-8 This essay on Intelligence in two psychological journals written by Thorndike and Hagopian was written and submitted by user Rachel F. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.